Dec. 19,—A group of political and social leaders from around the world today issued an open letter to Pope Francis, supporting the Pope’s offer to use the venue of the Vatican for immediate negotiations between Russia and Ukraine for a diplomatic settlement of the war in Ukraine. Coming off an organizing process among current and former legislators that was initiated two months ago by the Schiller Institute, the open letter is part of a growing chorus of voices internationally urging an immediate ceasefire, a Christmas Truce for all, as a first step towards a full, negotiated peace.
May 2—The world is divided into two groups, but not the usual right and left, nor democracy versus autocracy, nor other fairy tales. The division is, on one side we have Global NATO, which is bringing us to the point of nuclear annihilation, and/or mass famine. On the opposing side, we have those countries and peoples wishing to continue life, and advance. Apart from these sides, there is a large contingent in the dark—they know nothing of what is really going on, thanks to the deliberate media blackout. And millions of poor souls are struggling to survive.
“Anybody in Western Europe or the United States, who is proposing a war against Russia, or takeover in Ukraine, is going to ensure a global thermonuclear war, from which the probability that within about a day and a half of such a war, there may be almost no one left living on this planet.” Lyndon LaRouche issued this stark warning in February of 2014, identifying that it was the British Empire’s “intention to have a thermonuclear war, … governed by the fact that the entire trans-Atlantic region is about to go in the biggest bust that history has ever seen!”The danger could, unfortunately, not be more palpable today. Military, political, and financial leaders in the Trans-Atlantic continue to set very dangerous fires to encircle Russia and China—from Ukraine, to Belarus, the Czech Republic, and Taiwan—as leading figures from China and Russia make clear that relations are today worse than the Cold War, because even in those days, each side had respect for the other. Take the planned visit of U.S. Secretary of State Tony Blinken to Kiev May 5—6. There he will meet with, among others, Ukrainian President Zelensky to “reaffirm unwavering U.S. support for Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity in the face of Russia’s ongoing aggression.” Such ideologically driven provocations have now created a situation such that even if there is no conscious plan to start a war, the conditions are so volatile that a misstep might trigger the end of civilization. “We are on a very dangerous trajectory.” Helga Zepp-LaRouche commented on April 28. “I think this is, really, a very, very scary Gleichschaltung—this was the word used in the Nazi regime, when all the media said the same thing.” This stark alarm was echoed by U.S. Naval War College analyst Lyle Goldstein, who warned “Americans should ask the uncomfortable question: Why do the U.S. and its allies appear to be encroaching upon so many different Russian red lines in so many situations simultaneously? We should not be touching the red lines of the other major nuclear armed powers on a daily basis.” In this accelerating lurch on the part of the Trans-Atlantic—in front of the eyes of the world—toward possible extinction, one sees clearly, tragically, how a fixed (and false) axiomatic system works: trapping the adherents (some witting, others unwitting) into a logically consistent response, which, in the case of geopolitical thinking and “great power competition,” can only end up in thermonuclear annihilation. So what’s our peace policy? Only something of the character of a creative intervention—the introduction of a new and true conception about man’s nature and destiny—to establish a new pathway, a new possibility for the direction of mankind, can prevent extinction. This is verified in the scientific work of Vladimir Vernadsky on the noösphere and evolution, and by the work of Lyndon LaRouche in physical economics. It is the basis of the notion from St. Paul’s 1 Corinthians 13, “If I have not love, I am nothing.” People must be made to wake up from their wrong beliefs, from their indifference; they must get their crooked concepts straightened out so that they can become part of the force in the world which is creating the possibility of survival and progress for humanity. This is the purpose of the Schiller Institute conference on May 8th, “The Moral Collapse of the Trans-Atlantic World Cries Out for a New Paradigm.” Make a breakthrough in your identity, away from the “little me, me, me,” to one whose interest coincides with the fate of the yet unborn generations of human beings—and with the fate of the currently living 7.9 billion souls—whose lives hang on whether we can shift the very dangerous tide which will carry us all one way, or the other.
Dec. 6—Many people argue that the proposition that nations and peoples can come together for the benefit of all humanity, is utopian nonsense, never will happen, and is not possible, because individuals, and therefore nations, are basically just “in it for themselves” in life, and do not seriously care about anyone but “their own.” That, some insist, is “human nature.”
Join us live on Saturday at 2pm EDT. Now that the United States has irrevocably committed to withdrawing its military from Afghanistan, finally recognizing the intrinsic failure of the use of military force of any magnitude to address that circumstance, is the trans-Atlantic world ready to change its axioms?For example: Would a president Martin Luther King have successfully applied the physical-economic principle of nonviolent direct action to American foreign policy? Stated differently, what is the relationship between the capital-intensive physical economic development of a nation, the rapid mastery of mining, manufacturing, agricultural, construction and transportation skills by that nation’s workforce, and competent military strategy? Lyndon LaRouche campaigned for the United States Presidency multiple times, not only because he understood that relationship. LaRouche also understood that the American Presidency was invented by Washington, Hamilton and Franklin to establish the primacy of that relationship to physical economic production, rather than slavery, as the basis for self-government. President Barack Obama‘s sophistical “Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech”featured a blasphemous attack on King in order to justify the “Afghanistan surge policy” of 2009 now admitted to be a failure by then-Joint Chiefs of Staff head Admiral Mike Mullen. It also provided a textbook example of the failure to grasp, either the strategic significance, or the moral imperative of the principle of economic progress as the preferred mode of nonviolent direct action for progress, both within and among nations, embedded in the very establishment of the Office of the Presidency by Revolutionary War veterans and commanders George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Helga Zepp-LaRouche, in her proposed “Coincidence of Opposites” approach to the positive resolution of the Afghanistan conflict, has called upon the United States to resurrect the Classical idea of the American Presidency as a sovereign interlocutor in foreign policy, separate and independent from British Colonial Office influence. An American Presidential response to Russia, China, India, Pakistan, Iran and the other nations surrounding Afghanistan, taking the occasion of the present world medical crisis as a jumping off point, should reassert the productive power of the United States, rather than resort any longer to war, as Hamilton and Washington, in particular, would have advised.
July 10, 2024 (EIRNS)—As the NATO summit drags on in Washington this week, it’s occurring under the dark and gloomy clouds of failure. The Atlantic Council’s Frederick Kempe summed it up in his Inflection Points column on July 9, titled: “Putin, Xi, Orbán, and Modi Provide a Disturbing Backdrop to the Start of the NATO Summit.” Kempe paints the picture of the visits to Moscow (July 5) and Beijing (July 8) by the new rotating president of the Council of the European Union Viktor Orbán, the July 8-9 visit by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Moscow, and all this amid the increasing frailty of Joe Biden who is inconveniently the lynchpin behind NATO’s supposedly unified strategy. The trend is clear.
Dec. 12—The following statement by Helga Zepp LaRouche endorsing the offer of Pope Francis to use the venue of the Vatican for negotiations between Russia and Ukraine for a diplomatic settlement of the war in Ukraine was released by the Schiller Institute today for international circulation and is being translated into several languages for the widest possible circulation.
Nov. 26—How does humanity, in the coming hours and days, prevent a return to the barbarism of the recent ethnic cleansing in Gaza, carried out in plain sight of the whole world by the very same people who piously speak of “the rule of law” to the entire planet?
Join today’s Manhattan Town Hall with Harley Schlanger, as we present the realities facing the world today and the solutions that can be taken up by you.
July 20—The nations of Europe are rapidly plunging into economic collapse and social chaos, as the insane London-dictated sanctions against Russia are succeeding in boomeranging against the very countries that have unleashed them.
Aug. 5, 2024 (EIRNS)—We face a double crisis today: The stage is set in Southwest Asia, centered on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu—backed to the hilt by the United States, for regional escalation to world war; and there is also the crack-up of the Western casino-financial system, which, unless replaced, means financial-economic chaos.
Dec. 10—The war threat situation is worsening by the day. It is epitomized by the ceremony at Omaha, Nebraska on Dec. 9, for the changeover of command of the U.S. Strategic Command. Present were the outgoing commander Adm. Charles Richard; the new commander Gen. Anthony Cotton; and Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin. They each held forth, as would Dr. Strangelove, on aspects of the “tripolar” nuclear situation with the U.S., Russia and China, and that the U.S. has to “compete successfully.”
April 20—A draft law was introduced April 19 into the U.S. House of Representatives for re-regulating out-of-control financial entities, titled “The Return to Prudent Banking Act of 2023,” which is now a pivot point for a global shift toward a new economic architecture, to serve development, not speculation and collapse. In doing this, the bill at the same time is an initiative toward a new world security architecture, to provide for the common benefit of all nations, and bring an end to the economic and military confrontations, now at the point of risking nuclear war.
Nov. 27, 2024 (EIRNS)—So far, the lunatics still running the asylum at the State Department, and its spiritual headquarters at London’s Chatham House, have flunked “Reality 101,” and are proceeding with haste to the plains of Armageddon. While Russia has, with its highly effective Nov. 21 deployment of the IRBM “Oreshnik” hypersonic missile, warned NATO against further escalation in the clearest possible way, as former Israeli diplomat and Deputy Prime Minister Abba Eban once said to the late economist and statesman, Lyndon LaRouche, “Never underestimate the factor of insanity in politics.”
Dec. 1—Perhaps even Tony Blinken was surprised at Benjamin Netanyahu’s rapid and defiant response to Blinken’s Nov. 30 Thursday evening televised speech in Israel, in which Blinken “urged immediate steps to hold settler extremists accountable for violence against Palestinians in the West Bank” and “made clear the imperative before any operations go forward in southern Gaza there’ll be a clear plan in place that puts a premium on protecting civilians,” in his words. Twelve hours later, Netanyahu made clear exactly what he thought of Blinken’s words, with his resumption of the bombing and mass murder of Palestinian civilians, including in areas in the south, to which they had been directed to flee to seek safety by the Israel Defense Forces.
Jan. 14—Sponsored by the Schiller Institute, an online conference titled “Resurrect the True Mission of JFK and Martin Luther King, Jr.: Stop NATO’s World War and Dismantle the ‘International Assassination Bureau,’” presented different facets of the process which began in the 19th century and reached a crescendo of violence in the period following the end of the Second World War. An international oligarchy, faced by a threat to its power, posed by the rise of actual and potential sovereign states, implemented a “strategy of tension” to intimidate political leaders around the world into submission.
On Friday, Dec. 17, Russia released to the public two draft agreements it had proposed to the United States on Wednesday, Dec. 15: a Russia-U.S. treaty and a Russia-NATO agreement. These documents, written as full and designed to be ready to sign, are designed to address Russia’s security concerns.These agreements make sense for anyone who wants to assure peace on this planet. Those speaking out against them, rejecting the agreements and dialogue with Russia out of hand, will reveal themselves to be war-mongers. The release of these documents comes amidst a mounting drive for war, driven, for example, by efforts to incorporate Ukraine into NATO, something Russia has very clearly stated would be crossing a bright, flashing red line. But crazed geopoliticians, intent on maintaining a unipolar world order directed from the British Empire and the United States, are pursuing a policy that ineluctably leads to nuclear warfare that would destroy global civilization. The documents call for recognizing a principle of “non-interference in the internal affairs” of each other, acknowledge that “direct military clash between them could result in the use of nuclear weapons that would have far-reaching consequences,” reaffirm “that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought,” and recognize “the need to make every effort to prevent the risk of outbreak of such war among States that possess nuclear weapons.” The operative part of the U.S.-Russia treaty calls for refraining from taking actions “that could undermine core security interests of the other Party.” Cognizant of the drive for NATO-ization of Ukraine, Article 4 states: “The United States of America shall undertake to prevent further eastward expansion of NATO and deny accession to the Alliance to the States of the former U.S.S.R.,” and “The United States of America shall not establish military bases in the territory of the States of the former U.S.S.R. that are not members of NATO, use their infrastructure for any military activities or develop bilateral military cooperation with them.” It goes on to state that the Parties (the U.S. and Russia) will not take military actions outside their own borders that threaten each other’s national security, or fly bombers or sail warships outside of their territorial waters in ways that would threaten each other. On the U.S.’s expansion of its nuclear weapons to include those stored in such locations of Germany, the treaty states, “The Parties shall refrain from deploying nuclear weapons outside their national territories and return such weapons already deployed … to their national territories.” The Russia-NATO agreement states that “The Parties reaffirm that they do not consider each other as adversaries.” It essentially calls for rolling back NATO to its 1997 status (at the time of the signing of the Founding Act of Mutual Relations between Russia and NATO), and insists that NATO “shall not conduct any military activity on the territory of Ukraine as well as other States in the Eastern Europe, in the South Caucasus and in Central Asia.” It also calls for all Parties to agree not to conduct “military exercises or other military activities above the brigade level” within a certain range of the borders of NATO and Russia and its military allies. The conditions describe a reasonable state of affairs among allies, and reads like a peace treaty recognizing that the Cold War ended decades ago. A development and peace plan is also desperately needed In Afghanistan, where a two-decade U.S.-NATO military adventure ended just months ago. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation is holding a two-day extraordinary meeting in Islamabad, Pakistan, on the subject of developing a humanitarian and development perspective for Afghanistan, where millions of people face starvation and disease due to two decades of warfare and ongoing economic sanctions and the withholding of billions of dollars of central bank reserves. There is a potential for this conference to conclude with a broad aid and reconstruction/development proposal for Afghanistan, which the nation sorely needs. Schiller Institute Founder Helga Zepp-LaRouche and Schiller Institute Activist Hussein Askary appeared on Pakistani PTV World’s coverage of the OIC ministerial on Friday to discuss their views of the potential for the event. Zepp-LaRouche denounced the failure of the West to take human responsibility for the situation it has created in Afghanistan, and decried the withholding of billions of dollars of the Afghani people’s funds as shameful. Money is withheld based on the excuse that the Taliban mistreats women and children, but look at the devastating conditions created by economic warfare! She promoted the Schiller Institute’s Operation Ibn Sina as a path forward in creating a health and development path forward for Afghanistan, a proposal that could be incorporated by the OIC in its final resolutions. She appealed to the entire world to choose the side of humanity over barbarism. In fact, the crisis presents an opportunity, to those willing to do good, to overcome geopolitics through a commitment to a higher principle. If the United States could be induced to make a positive contribution, this would be of absolute world historical importance in shifting the world paradigm: “I think the whole destiny of mankind is concentrated like a laser in what happens in Afghanistan,” she said. It must become an issue of the whole world. Is humanity fit to survive? “In one sense, I think the fate of Afghanistan and the fate of humanity are more closely connected than most people can imagine.” Askary further developed these themes, laying the blame for the current situation in Afghanistan not on the Taliban, but on 20 years of destructive Western policy. He concluded with an optimistic note on the power of truth over lies: Although narratives may appear to have a certain power, it is reality that ultimately has the upper hand. (Their remarks are transcribed for this briefing.) Reality is asserting itself in Europe, where EU deliberations on its energy sector broke down due to the inherently enormous physical costs of an energy “transition” asserting themselves. Although its use has been marketed as a warm and fuzzy pleasant act of benignant goodness, “green” energy’s intermittent nature and extremely low energy density mean that non-nuclear attempts at decarbonization will unavoidably be extremely expensive. Poland and the Czech Republic want to totally jettison the EU’s CO₂ Emissions Trading System, while ideological lunatics in Austria cheer the potential to remove nuclear from the EU’s “Taxonomy” list of “green” power sources. But ideology will not heat your home, and wishful thinking will not propel your bus or car. The Malthusian worldview of limited resources, overpopulation, and geopolitics is a narrative: both false and devastating to those foolish enough not to overcome it. Will we choose to allow the reality of the anti-entropic nature of the universe and the limitless perfectibility of our beautiful species to inspire us to achieve great things, under a paradigm of economic, scientific, and cultural growth?
To announce the creation of a new Schiller Institute webpage entitled “Shakespeare In Exile,” the following quote was taken from Lyndon LaRouche, whose 99th birthday occurs today: “…He has pitted his life for his nation’s justice, and for the cause of all this world’s oppressed besides. For this cause, he has adopted the insults which the wicked and the fools of this world have come to heap upon the mere mention of my name…” Lyndon LaRouche, “On the Subject of the Sixtieth Birthday of His Excellency, the Honorable Frederick [R.] Wills, Esquire.,” Sept 16,1988.That standard of integrity is what is required in order to think clearly, non-tragically, in a time of crisis. Even though correct decisions, sometimes of momentous import, may be courageously made by a head of state or others, the durable survival of a nation or a civilization demands an intellectual consistency that can only be achieved, both on the part of the citizenry as well as leadership, through an immersion in the production and/or performance of Classical art. Fred Wills, the former Foreign Minister and Justice Minister of Guyana, on September 27, 1976, addressed the United Nations on the subject, not merely of debt moratoria for Third World Nations, but for the establishment of Lyndon LaRouche’s International Development Banks. He was able to find the courage to do this, when others failed, including during that UN session, because of his soul having been strongly rooted in Classical cultural studies, as the primary weapon he fiercely wielded against the racism and depravity of the “British Commonwealth.” Two years later, Wills went into involuntary exile in the United States, joining Lyndon LaRouche, not only in a battle against the Malthusian population-reduction policies of Henry Kissinger, George H.W.Bush and other British Intelligence agents and assets. He also taught, as well as re- studied the works of Plato, Sophocles, Aeschylus, and, most of all, William Shakespeare. Today, it appears that the Malthusians, the would-be Iagos attempting to pull together the COP26 Climate Change conference in Glasgow, have suddenly realized that the “Fourth World,” those countries once red-lined by World Bank head Robert MacNamara in 1974, and who are the primary targets for extinction by the “global warmers,” are not necessarily prepared to play Othello. They might, instead, embarrass them by skipping the solemnly lunatic proceedings altogether. Of 62 countries identified by the UK as “red zone countries”—countries that have small or negligible portions of their populations vaccinated—61 of them are in the (black, brown and yellow) “Third (Fourth) World.” Since those coming from such red zone countries must quarantine for at least ten days after they arrive in Glasgow, the danger is that, given the expense, the disease, and most importantly, the opportunity, many nations may just not show up at all. When combined with the known resistance from Russia, China, and India to the whole global warming pseudoscience, it seems to have become clear to British intelligence that it were wise to “get out in front of this thing.” Thus, no fewer than 1,500 environmentalist groups are now calling for the conference to be postponed. Their spokesman is one Taneem Essop of Climate Action Network International. Essop, the executive director of CAN-I, is an asset of British intelligence. She was previously the International Climate Policy Advocate of the World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife Fund. She also worked for the British Council, sometimes referred to as part of “the soft power extension of UK foreign policy,” as an “Education Officer.” The British Council, founded in 1934, is a “nondepartmental public body” sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. COP 26 Glasgow can now provide the same opportunity as did the recent British freakout over the Afghanistan pullout, to reveal, especially to the credulous, the collusion between treasonous factions of the American military, financial, media, etc. establishment with the City of London policy interests antithetical to everything the United States stands for. The synarchy, whether represented by buffoons like Brazil’s Bolsonaro, wankers like Tony Blair, ghouls like Mark Carney, or the seemingly unlimited supply of shnooks knighted by the Queen over her 69-year reign, is defeatable by those with the courage to think Classically, like Beethoven, Handel, Bach, Schiller, kicking against the pricks (in every sense of that expression.) And that is why the British truly hate Shakespeare. Please also note an emerging story, contained in today’s briefing, that will be evolving in the next days and weeks—the Russian discussion of biological weapons and weapons labs in Georgia, Ukraine, and possibly other locations, operated by NATO and the Anglo-Americans, in connection with setting the record straight about the Second World War. Given the 20th anniversary commemorations this week, the fact that the anthrax attack beginning September 18, 2001, would initially shut down the Congress of the United States for weeks, and that the grade of anthrax deployed in that attack was declared by the deputy assistant director of Ft. Detrick to have been “too sophisticated to have been developed by us,” biological warfare, for better or worse, is sure to be discussed, even, perhaps, at the United Nations as it opens next week. In conclusion, Fred Wills offered these observations about Lyndon and Helga Zepp-LaRouche, observations that are appropriately cited for Lyn’s birthday today. “We are blessed with myriad strengths. We focus so much on what the enemy says about us, that we forget what we are ourselves. The chief of our strengths is the creative leadership, and the fertile intellects of Lyndon and Helga LaRouche. We have, in the Schiller Institute, the formal embodiment of the soul of the human genius. We must show ourselves worthy of such a heritage… I wish on your behalf to tell Lyn and Helga, that we intend to be worthy of their leadership. And to tell our enemies… that we shall never fail, we shall never falter, we shall always open new flanks, and we shall always strike mighty blows over and over and over again, until justice returns, as the imperishable axis of our human existence…” Fred Wills, Andover, Massachusetts, 1988.
Jan. 24—The contrast between the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland with the Non-Aligned Movement meeting in Kampala, Uganda, is emblematic of the divergent impulses in the world today.
Nov. 12—We all now face a crisis in which the vengeful rage of two forces—Hamas’ callous Gaza authority and Israel’s duplicitous and corrupt Likud coalition government—has led from the murder of more than 1,000 Israeli citizens, to massive slaughter of innocent civilians in Gaza, intolerable to peoples all over the world, and to the growing threat of regional, then perhaps world war.
Jan. 18, 2025 (EIRNS)—How do you win the peace—not merely stop the fighting, but create an unstoppable peace? Without a new and positive dynamic which repairs the crimes that have been committed, the conflict will surely resume—as was seen when World War I “unpaused” to become World War II, and when the peace potential of the Oslo Accords was effectively killed with the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.
Aug. 28—We are in the period in which the direction of history will be decided. Following the breakthroughs of last week—the BRICS expansion, NDB promise for development credit, India’s Moon landing—the world has before it an historic choice.
We must expose and defeat the anti-human, Malthusian depopulation agenda driving both the Great Reset/Green New Deal and the strategic escalations that could lead to military conflict, including nuclear conflict, between the U.S./NATO and China or Russia.A chasm separates the realization of worldwide economic development and the suicidal goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Both goals cannot be pursued at the same time, which is precisely why fanciful claims of climate change have been used to frighten people into adopting policies that would destroy the economic productivity required to support the growing world population at higher and higher living standards, and higher and higher capabilities to contribute to the development of the new scientific principles and technologies that are the kernel of wealth creation. As the IMF offers itself to play the role of “umpire,” to set such rules as the climate-adjusted price of coal—which it seeks to increase by nearly two orders of magnitude over the coming years—government officials in India are making clear statements that any such “goals” must take a back seat to the right of every country to develop. The kind of complacency that would allow a static division of the world into developed and underdeveloped sectors, or of people into the haves and the have-nots, is itself a problem to be overcome. As the world’s (financially) wealthiest people see their fortunes expand mightily under the bailout/Covid “relief” paradigm of the West’s central banks, some 150 million people are being thrown into extreme poverty, and hundreds of millions risk food insecurity. This must not be tolerated! In a Thursday appearance on a podcast at China Radio International, Schiller Institute founder Helga Zepp-LaRouche responded to a question about the April 7 phone call between Xi and Merkel, by speaking of the need for Europe to develop an independent strategic policy, rather than to see itself as a member of an anti-China or anti-Russia bloc. NATO’s unceasing exercises, continuing even under conditions of general Covid restrictions in Europe, have served to encircle and threaten Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union that NATO was created to defend against. Fighting and provocations in Ukraine are designed to draw Russia into armed conflict, as provocations around Taiwan are intended to exert similar strategic pressure on China. Meanwhile, the vaccines and health infrastructure required to bring the Covid pandemic to an end are largely unaddressed. The President of Namibia (which neighbors South Africa) has denounced current vaccine distributions as “apartheid.” Especially with the rise of new variants of concern, the pandemic—and vulnerability to future pandemics—can only be brought to a close through an enormous upgrading of vaccine and therapeutic production and of a health and physical infrastructure platform capable of sustaining healthy human life everywhere in the world. This is the renaissance in human civilization being driven by the Schiller Institute of the LaRouche movement.
Dec. 9—The first of a two-day world online forum, “A New International Security and Development Architecture,” was hosted today by the Central American and Caribbean Critical Thinking Conference (CPCCC), centered in Nicaragua, with powerful presentations and intense discussion addressing five topics. Over the day-long dialogue (with simultaneous interpretation of Spanish into French, English and German) some 250 people from over 15 countries participated, with questions and comments coming in from Belarus to Peru. The second day, in Spanish, will be a full schedule as well. The entire two-day conference will be available in video archive.
